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LIECHEAT
Often lies or cheats, past 6 months

Codes and Frequencies



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Description

For sample children age 4 to 17, LIECHEAT reports parents' responses to a question about whether, during the past 6 months, the child often lied or cheated.

The interviewer began this part of the survey by stating, "I am going to read a list of items that describe children. For each item, please tell me if it has been not true, somewhat true, [or] certainly true for [sample child] during the past 6 months," and handed the respondent a flashcard listing the three acceptable responses.

LIECHEAT was part of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Extended (SDQ-EX), which, according to the 2001 and 2003-2004 Manuals, was included "to monitor emotional and behavioral problems in children and the impact that these problems have on children's lives."

Directions to Interviewers on Asking this Question 

The 2001 and 2003-2004 Field Representative's Manuals directed:

Some of the items include more than one behavior, such as 'lies or cheats.' For those questions, emphasize the OR. Be sure that the respondent understands that the question should be answered positively if the child does ANY part of the question.

The Manuals for 2001 and 2003-2004 also provided directions on how interviewers should respond if parents indicated that the child was taking medication:

If the parent indicates that the child is taking medication, the parent should answer the questions as best possible describing their child's behavior when the child is NOT on the medication. However, do not ask if the child is on medication. Only if the parent states that the child takes medication and they do not know how to respond to the question, inform the parent to answer as best as they can, describing the child when the child is NOT on the medication.

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Extended

LIECHEAT is part of a set of 33 questions from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Extended (SDQ-EX) developed by Dr. Robert Goodman, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England.

 

As the Appendix on SDQ in the 2001 and 2003-2004 Codebook of the NHIS public use files explains:

The parent respondent version of the SDQ was added as a mental health supplement for children ages 4-17 as part of a collaborative agreement between NCHS and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The first part of the SDQ consists of 25 scale items . . . These items can be divided into five subscales measuring the following psychological attributes or dimensions:
  • emotional symptoms;
  • conduct problems;
  • hyperactive behavior;
  • peer relationships;
  • prosocial behavior.

The survey forms for 2001 and 2003-2004 also acknowledged the debt to Dr. Goodman, as follows:

The SDQ questions are copyrighted by Robert Goodman, Ph.D., FRCPsych, MRCP. State and local agencies may use these questions without charge and without seeking separate permission provided the wording is not modified, all the questions are retained, and Dr. Goodman's copyright is acknowledged.

This information was included for legal reasons and was not shared with survey respondents. More information on the SDQ is available at www.sdqinfo.org.

Scoring Responses to SDQ-EX: Conduct Problems

As noted in the Appendix on SDQ in the 2001 and 2003-2004 Codebook, LIECHEAT is an element of the 5-item subscale dealing with conduct problems.

 

The other elements of this subscale on conduct problems are:

  • Often loses temper, past 6 months (BADTEMPER)
  • Often fights or bullies kids, past 6 months (BULLIES)
  • Steals from home, school, or elsewhere, past 6 months (STEALS)

Valid responses for these questions were "not true," "somewhat true," and "certainly true." A response of "not true" for BADTEMPER, BULLIES, LIECHEAT, and STEALS (code 0 in IPUMS NHIS) implies the lowest level of conduct problems; a response of "certainly true" for these variables (code 2 in IPUMS NHIS) implies the highest level of conduct problems; and a response of "somewhat true" on these variables (code 1 in IPUMS NHIS) implies an intermediate level of conduct problems. A response of "not true" for WELLBEHAVED (code 2 in IPUMS NHIS) implies the highest level of conduct problems; a response of "certainly true" for this variable (code 0 in IPUMS NHIS) implies the lowest level of conduct problems; and a response of "somewhat true" for this variable (code 1 in IPUMS NHIS) implies an intermediate level of conduct problems. Researchers may choose to use a single variable from this set, but they can also sum the scores across the 5 variables. Summing these elements yields a total score for conduct problems ranging from 0 (the lowest level) to 10 (the highest level).

Summing the values for these variables yields valid totals only if the analyst excludes not in universe cases (persons other than sample children age 4-17, code 6 in IPUMS NHIS) and cases with missing information (codes 7, 8, and 9 in IPUMS NHIS).

The SDQ Scoring Guide provides guidelines for interpreting subscale scores (with Not in Universe and unknown cases excluded) for the SDQ-EX. For "Parent Completed" results (as in the NHIS), the guide suggests a three-band or four-band approach for interpreting the summed score for "Conduct Problems." Under the original three-band categorization, the summed Conduct Problems score can be identified as normal, borderline, or abnormal: a score of 0-2 is normal; a score of 3 is borderline; and a score of 4-10 is abnormal. Under the newer four-band categorization, the summed score can be identified as close to average, slightly raised, high, or very high: a score of 0-2 is close to average; a score of 3 is slightly raised; a score of 4-5 is high; and a score of 6-10 is very high.

Scoring Responses to SDQ-EX: Combining 4 Subscales

The SDQ includes 5 subscales for measuring different aspects of child mental health. The five subscales (i.e., emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity behavior, peer relationships, and prosocial behavior) can be scored separately to look at specific psychological characteristics (as described above, for the "conduct problems" subscale). Alternatively, items in four of the five subscales (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity behavior, and peer relationships) can be added for an overall score from 0 to 40.

 

Variables from the SDQ receive codes in IPUMS NHIS that facilitate this scoring process. More specifically, the response that corresponds to the lowest likelihood of a psychological problem is coded as 0 in IPUMS NHIS; the response that corresponds to the highest likelihood of a psychological problem is coded 2 in IPUMS NHIS; and the response that corresponds to an intermediate level likelihood of a psychological problem is coded 1 in IPUMS NHIS.

This coding strategy to facilitate scoring means that a given parental response of "not true" or "certainly true" may be sometimes coded as 0 and sometimes coded as 2. (Responses of "somewhat true" are always coded 1.) For example, the question, "During the past 6 months, has [child] often complained of headaches, stomach aches, or sickness?" presupposes that "not true" (coded 0 in IPUMS NHIS) implies less emotional symptomology than a response of "certainly true" (coded 2 in IPUMS NHIS). However, with the question, "During the past 6 months, has [child had] at least one good friend?," a response of "not true" implies poorer peer relationships than a response of "certainly true." In the latter case (for the variable HASFRIEND), responses of "not true" are coded 2 in IPUMS NHIS and responses of "certainly true" are coded 0 in IPUMS NHIS.

Once analysts exclude not in universe cases (persons who are not sample children age 4-17, IPUMS NHIS code 6) and cases with missing information (IPUMS NHIS codes 7, 8, and 9), they may sum the values for the following SDQ-EX variables for an overall score of 0 (least likely to have psychological problems) to 40 (most likely to have psychological problems). In addition to the 5 variables (including LIECHEAT) used to measure "Conduct Problems," as described in the previous section, the variables whose values may summed are:

For measuring "Emotional Symptoms"
  • Complains of headaches/stomach-aches or sickness, past 6 months (STOMACHE)
  • Often seems worried, past 6 months(WORRIED)
  • Often unhappy, depressed, or tearful, past 6 months (UNHAPPY)
  • Nervous or clingy in new situations, past 6 months (CLINGY)
  • Many fears or easily scared, past 6 months (FEARFUL)
For measuring "Hyperactivity Behavior"
  • Restless or overactive, past 6 months (OVERACTIVE)
  • Constantly fidgeting, past 6 months (FIDGETY)
  • Good attention span and finishes tasks, past 6 months (GOODATTEN)
For measuring "Peer Relationships"
  • Prefers to be alone, past 6 months (SOLITARY)
  • Had at least 1 good friend, past 6 months (HASFRIEND)
  • Liked by other kids, past 6 months (KIDSLIKE)
  • Was picked on or bullied, past 6 months (PICKEDON)
  • Gets along better with adults than kids, past 6 months (GETALONGAD)

Comparability

With the exception of the NHIS questionnaire redesign introduced in 2019, LIECHEAT is completely comparable over time. This variable is an element of the extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-EX), which was fielded for sample children in the NHIS in 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2019 forward. It is not an element of the abbreviated version of SDQ, which was fielded for sample children in 2002, 2005-2007, and 2010-2018.

Other Variables on Child Mental Health 

From 1997-2000, the NHIS used questions from the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) developed by Dr. Thomas Achenbach to measure children's emotional and behavioral problems. For 2001 forward, the NHIS retained the CBCL questions for children age 2-3, but replaced the CBCL survey with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for older children.

For the most part, the public use files of the NHIS data include only summary recodes for the CBCL questions, calculated separately for male and female children age 2-3 (MTODMHI, FTODMHI), for male and female children age 4-11 (MKIDMHI, FKIDMHI), and for male and female children age 12 to 17 (MTEENMHI, FTEENMHI). The one exception to this generalization is that variables from the CBCL relating to whether the child had been unhappy or depressed in recent months (TODDEPRES, KIDDEPRES, TEENDEPRES) appear in the NHIS public files.

The NHIS questionnaire was substantially redesigned in 2019 to introduce a different data collection structure and new content. For more information on changes in terminology, universes, and data collection methods beginning in 2019, please see the user note.

Universe

  • 2001: Sample children age 4 to 17.
  • 2003-2004: Sample children age 4 to 17.
  • 2019 2022: Sample children age 4 to 17.

Availability

  • 2001, 2003-2004, 2019, 2022

Weights