Codes and Frequencies
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Description
For sample adults 18+ and sample children 0-17 who did not refuse both the income from wages (GOTWAGE) and income from accounts questions (GOTINT), GOTWELF indicates whether they or any of their family members received any public assistance or welfare payments from the state or local welfare office.
Prior to 2019, GOTWELF was asked of all persons and indicated if, at any time during the month prior to the interview (1990-1996) or during the last calendar year (1997-2018), the person received any government assistance payments because of low income. Respondents were instructed not to include food stamps, SSI, energy assistance, or medical assistance payments.
From 1993 to 1996, this question was not asked of persons living in single-person or married-couple households whose annual income was $20,000 or more. Please refer to the Universe and Comparability tabs for more detailed information on changes in the universe across survey years.
[show more]From 1990 to 1996, GOTWELF is part of the Family Resources supplement that provides information on individuals' health benefits, amount of coverage and income received from employment, welfare benefits, public assistance, and savings. Starting in 1997, this variable is part of the core person questionnaire.
Questions in the Family Resources supplement are different from those in the core survey in terms of the content and the treatment of missing data. Questions in the Family Resources were normally asked of the month prior to the interview while the core survey asked of the last calendar year. All missing data in the Family Resources supplement were imputed by NHIS. Users can refer to the imputation flag variable QINCWELF to identify persons with imputed data.
Please see GOTWAGE for additional source of income variables.
Comparability
This variable is comparable within samples from 1990 to 1992, from 1993 to 1996, from 1997 to 2018, and from 2019-onward. Users should exercise strong caution when making comparisons between these sample groups.
In order to compare values of GOTWELF across all samples from 1990 to 1996, users should exclude single-person households and married-couple households whose annual income is more than $20,000 (use INCFAMR82ON).
Government assistance program names changed between samples and differ from state to state. For 1997, the question refers to Welfare, Aid for Families with Dependent Children, or General Assistance. For 1998 and 1999, the question gives examples such as Welfare or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. From 2000 forward, the question specifically asks whether the person received cash assistance from a state or county welfare program; the names given as examples vary from state to state.
Prior to 2019, this variable is comparable over time. The NHIS questionnaire was substantially redesigned in 2019 to introduce a different data collection structure and new content. For more information on changes in terminology, universes, and data collection methods beginning in 2019, please see the user note.
Universe
- 1990-1992: All persons.
- 1993: All persons in quarters 3 and 4 who do not live in single or married-couple households whose annual income is $20,000+
- 1994-1996: All persons who do not live in single or married-couple households whose annual income is $20,000+
- 1997-2018: All persons.
- 2019-2022: Sample adults 18+ and sample children 0-17 who did not refuse both the income from wages (GOTWAGE) and income from accounts questions (GOTINT).
- 2019-2023: Sample adults 18+ and sample children 0-17 who did not refuse both the income from wages (GOTWAGE) and income from accounts questions (GOTINT).
Availability
- 1990-2023
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Weights
- 1990-1992, 1994-2018 : PERWEIGHT
- 1993, 2019-2023 : SAMPWEIGHT