PIPESTATUS2 was built on three questions in the survey. The first question asked whether the sample person had ever smoked a pipe. Responses to this question were used to indicate whether the sample person formerly smoked pipes. The second question indicated whether the sample person had smoked a pipe at least 50 times. The sample person was placed in the "regularly" group if he/she had previously smoked pipes at least 50 times; otherwise, he/she was pooled into the "occasional" group. The last question asked whether the sampler person was currently smoking pipes at the time of the interview, which was used to indicate whether the person was a current user of pipe smoking.